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Challenges to the content of books and other materials are a familiar experience for library staff. ’s Office for Intellectual Freedom has provided many resources to navigate such challenges on its online Challenge Support page. However, the distinction between authors that are challenged based on the content of their work and authors that are challenged based on actions they have taken outside that work has yet to be fully explored.

This Q&A will focus on questions about the activities of an author that are unrelated to the authors’ published works. These activities can include espousing problematic beliefs, giving material support to problematic causes, supporting problematic politicians and policies, harassment, cyberbullying, fraud, disinformation, and criminal activity. There are also issues when an author’s problematic views influence the content of their works, further complicating the topic.

“Problematic Author” has become a label used to highlight actions by authors that are objectionable to some and impact the author’s reputation. This label could be used to limit access to the author’s work. Library workers must consider whether censorship is playing a role when thinking about the term problematic and deciding what library workers are responsible for and the actions we should take. As part of our professional responsibility, library workers have a duty to understand the context of each case, examine how that context impacts access to materials, and determine if actions are based on professional opinion, popular opinion, or influenced instead by personal moral standards. Each case must also be evaluated and placed within the context of history. Library workers will need to measure how the use of the term and application of the label “problematic” could impair intellectual freedom.

1. What is a problematic author? Who determines whether an author is problematic?

In this document, problematic is a term used to refer to the actions of a person that violate some form of ethical, moral, cultural, or legal standard. Often, this term is used in relation to issues of systemic oppression and representation. In this use, problematic can include, but is not limited to, elements of sexism, racism, classism, ageism, homophobia, transphobia, colorism, ethno-nationalism, and other marginalizations. For the purposes of this document, a problematic author is one who has committed problematic actions outside their writing.

The term problematic can be vague and subjective and mean different things to different people. There is no single authority on what is problematic. Information provided by advocacy groups affiliated with marginalized communities are one type of resource for determining whether someone’s actions are problematic. Be aware that marginalized communities are not monoliths, and a wide spectrum of perspectives exist around these conversations. What one person in a group feels is a problematic statement or view, another in that same group may feel is appropriate and reasonable.

2. What is the role of the library worker in educating their users on problematic authors?

In ’s Library Bill of Rights, libraries are "forums for information and ideas." It is the library worker’s role to provide information about authors that help the community make informed reading decisions. Library workers should do this in a way that avoids censorship and maintains impartiality.

Using the skills involved in a reference interview or readers’ advisory, library workers ask questions and use their professional knowledge and current awareness to connect users with the best information to inform and educate them.

“All resources provided directly or indirectly by the library, regardless of format or method of delivery, should be readily and equitably accessible to all library users.” - "Economic Barriers to Information Access: An Interpretation of the Library Bill of Rights"

Creating access barriers (regardless of the activities of the author) should be thoughtfully considered. Information that may be used to recommend or dissuade from selecting or deselecting library materials should be carefully researched.

3. Can a work have value if the author is problematic?

Readers need to be able to review and assess content on their own. A writer's failings can be used to learn about the following:

• source authority
• best practices in content evaluation
• the influence of experience and perspective

Content may or may not reflect the failings of the writer. This means that evaluating materials should be separate from evaluating the author.

It's fine for anyone to not want to read work from an author who has committed problematic acts. However, library workers shouldn't let their personal preferences override professional ethics.

4. Are there authors that are just TOO problematic?

"Materials should not be excluded because of the origin, background, or views of those contributing to their creation." — Article I of the Library Bill of Rights

If the book meets the criteria of a collection development policy, then the book's author should not be a factor in the decision to acquire.

5. Is it okay to label books by problematic authors?

No. Labeling books physically or in the catalog goes against intellectual freedom best practices. "Labeling Systems: An Interpretation of the Library Bill of Rights" explains why this is not okay:

"Prejudicial labels are designed to restrict access, based on a value judgment that the content, language, or themes of the resource, or the background or views of the creator(s) of the resource, render it inappropriate or offensive for all or certain groups of users."

Libraries don't have the authority or ability to make a determination about the appropriateness of the author's background. As a result, they don't have the authority to create a label.

Furthermore, "Labeling Systems: An Interpretation of the Library Bill of Rights" outright opposes prejudicial labeling:

"The �������ϲʿ���app opposes the use of prejudicial labeling systems and affirms the rights of individuals to form their own opinions about resources they choose to read, view, listen to, or otherwise access."

Responsibility

6. Do library workers need to investigate the creators of a work before selection?

No. Library workers should select materials for their collections based on the content of the work itself. They shouldn't select based on the activity of the author.

There are a few reasons when knowing more about the author, their actions, and the context of those actions could be helpful:

• During reference interviews
• During other service interactions
• When discussing the author and their actions with a user

However, library workers shouldn't let their own personal views impact how the author is presented or accessed.

7. What role do special collections or special libraries play?

Public pressure to isolate materials by problematic authors shouldn't be the reason for creating a special collection. This is especially true for school and public libraries.

• Are you still going to put materials into a special collection because of the problematic author's reputation? Then be sure to clarify the intention and purpose of the collection.
• Was the special collection created to isolate and segregate materials by problematic authors? That's not okay. Doing that creates barriers and limits access by intentional act. This is intentional censorship.

Special libraries are different. They are often more discerning and intentional with content selection. The scope and mission of specialized collections are often limited to a historical era. These collections are curated for a specific group of professional practitioners. Or they are limited in scope to an area of research.

Special collections acquisition policies differ greatly from public, school, or academic libraries. This is because intentionality and integrity of the collection is interdependent on the accuracy of materials.

However, the content of the material should be a larger factor in determining acquisition or retention of materials. Excluding an author because of problematic behavior depends on the scope and mission of the collection. Example: a copy of The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian by Sherman Alexie probably should be included in a special collection focusing on works by Indigenous authors. Excluding that book from a special or regular collection would devalue the integrity of the collection. It would also hinder research and resource accessibility.

8. What about public libraries that receive government-funding? Do they have a different responsibility than other libraries?

Like challenged books, challenged authors are subject to the court of public opinion. The public is vast and varied. Therefore, the best defense here is a well-crafted collection development policy. These policies should include the following:

• retention cycles
• holds ratios
• specific criteria for removal of material that is not based on individual opinion

It is the responsibility of all libraries to serve every member of their designated communities. This means libraries must provide access to a diversity of materials and authors. Some material may be offensive and/or controversial to some users. Public libraries cannot reject and remove a resource because an individual or a group doesn't like the material or the author.

Libraries must provide access to material that may be controversial to some users. However, they should also provide a challenge process. This process should allow individuals or groups to formally request reconsideration of materials or authors they find offensive or inaccurate.

9. Does my library need to remove an item from the collection because the publisher or author has asked? If the publisher has withdrawn a book, does that mean libraries should withdraw all books by the author?

Libraries don't need to follow the wishes and/or demands of the publisher or the author. Example:

• The publisher decides to cease publication of a given title.
• The publisher demands that it be removed from the shelves.
• It's the library's choice if it will follow through with such a request.

It's the role of library workers—not publishers or authors—to critically evaluate and maintain existing collections in accordance with the library's collection development policy.

10. What happens if the author has other books that have not been pulled by publishers?

"Materials should not be excluded because of the origin, background, or views of those contributing to their creation." —Article I of the 's Library Bill of Rights

Here's what you can do to prepare for and support Article I in this situation:

• Prepare: Anticipate that the public or staff may have questions about these materials.
• Train: Ensure all staff know and understand the following:
  • library's reconsideration policy
  • proper procedures for responding to a library user's concerns
• Review: Make sure materials don’t need to be de-accessed for reasons other than the following:
  • Origin
  • Background
  • Views of the creator
• Collection Development Policy: Verify that your collection development policy explains how the collection is maintained (Example: weeding).

11. What about books that are no longer supported or printed by the publisher because of allegations of sexual impropriety or other reasons, such as racism? What is our responsibility as library workers in maintaining these books in our collection?

"We have a special obligation to ensure the free flow of information and ideas to present and future generations." —Preamble of the Code of Ethics

As library workers, we must maintain a robust collection of materials. Those materials should represent the full spectrum of the human condition. There aren't specific criteria for what materials should fill that need. Library workers strive for excellence "by maintaining and enhancing our own knowledge and skills." As such, we should seek current awareness in the field. This allows us to balance the publisher's reasoning with up-to-date knowledge of what materials can round out a collection.

The Library Bill of Rights says "materials should not be excluded because of the origin, background, or views of those contributing to their creation." However, the Library Bill of Rights doesn't force library ownership of any particular material. Instead, the Library Bill of Rights states, "Libraries should provide materials and information presenting all points of view on current and historical issues."

According to "Evaluating Library Collections: An Interpretation of the Library Bill of Rights," "Failure to select resources merely because they may be potentially controversial is censorship, as is withdrawing resources for the same reason."

Refer to your collection maintenance policies to evaluate work that is no longer supported/printed. These collection maintenance policies should balance opposition to censorship with the diversity of the library's collection.

"Some resources may contain views, opinions, and concepts that were popular or widely held at one time but are now considered outdated, offensive, or harmful. Content creators may also come to be considered offensive or controversial." —"Evaluating Library Collections: An Interpretation of the Library Bill of Rights"

12. Should books by problematic authors be included in school curriculums and reading lists? If so, should educators address or point-out the actions of the author?

Educators should decide. They can determine if a resource fits the need of the educational purpose by evaluating the content.

Decisions on whether or not to inform students, parents, or colleagues on the actions or beliefs of an author should be made based on the relevancy and timeliness of the information. Library workers need to select materials for their collections based on the content of the work itself and not the activity of the author.

Students should be free to read and examine any published works in the school library's collection. There may be many publications in library collections that would not stand the test of today's awareness of social harms with regard to the author. The purpose of collecting works is to retain the history of thought, not to judge it.

Action

13. When should a library take action regarding a problematic author?

Controversial authors are not new issues in librarianship. What is new is that publishers and authors are proactively ceasing publication of titles due to concerns about an author's character, viewpoints, or actions. Publishers may even ask libraries to rid their collections of these materials.

Library staff must carefully review their collection development policy prior to taking any steps. Just as a library should never remove a book because of one person or group's objection, it should not remove a book just because the publisher has asked them to do so.

's Library Bill of Rights states that, "Libraries should provide materials and information presenting all points of view on current and historical issues. Materials should not be proscribed or removed because of partisan or doctrinal disapproval."

14. How should libraries and library workers respond to concerns about owning or using a resource by a problematic author?

Library workers recognize that full, confidential, and unrestricted access to information is essential to intellectual freedom. Reading, listening, and viewing are individual, private matters. Anyone is free to select or reject materials for themselves. However, the freedom of others to read or inquire, even of problematic authors, should not be restricted.

Selection and use of library resources does not mean endorsement of views expressed in those materials. It also does not mean an endorsement of the actions or views of their creator. The existence of a particular viewpoint or author in the collection is a reflection of the library’s policy of intellectual freedom. It is not an endorsement of that particular point of view or person.

Library users are an important part of the selection process. Requests from users, regardless of problematic labels, are often considered when libraries make material selections.

“Best practices in collection development assert that materials should not be excluded from a collection solely because the content or its creator may be considered offensive or controversial. Refusing to select resources due to potential controversy is considered censorship, as is withdrawing resources for that reason.” —"Diverse Collections: An Interpretation of the Library Bill of Rights"

15. Am I required to purchase or display a resource that I find problematic? Should libraries promote books written by problematic authors in their displays or programs? How should libraries manage promoting or not promoting titles by problematic authors?

Libraries are not required to purchase anything. However, you should strongly consider resources if they match these criteria:

• They meet requirements of your collection development policy.
• They have been suggested for purchase.

As for displays, "Library-Initiated Programs and Displays as a Resource: An Interpretation of the Library Bill of Rights" states the following:

"Library-initiated programs and displays utilize library worker expertise for community interests, collections, services, facilities, and providing access to information and information resources. They introduce users and potential users to library resources and the library's role as a facilitator of information access."

If you believe a resource does not advance the purpose of the display, then do not include it.

16. How do we deal with items already in circulation? How do we craft collection development and acquisitions guidelines for published, but not acquired titles?

Materials created by problematic authors are included in a collection when they meet the selection criteria set by the library. Selecting materials is a key function that libraries use to fulfill their mission in the community. By including materials from all types of fallible humans within the collection, libraries will inevitably contain materials that are offensive to some members of the community.

Libraries need to have a policy and procedure in place to handle these objections. This policy should establish the framework for registering a complaint. That framework should provide for a review process with appropriate actions while defending and supporting the following:

• principles of freedom of information
• right of users to access materials
• professional responsibility
• integrity of the library workers involved in the selection process

The principles of intellectual freedom are inherent in the First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States and are expressed in the Library Bill of Rights and the Code of Ethics. If materials are questioned, the principles of intellectual freedom should be defended rather than the materials.

As stated in the Code of Ethics:

"We distinguish between our personal convictions and professional duties and do not allow our personal beliefs to interfere with fair representation of the aims of our institutions or the provision of access to their information resources."

17. What do I do if my colleague is the person who refuses to purchase or deselects works by problematic authors?

If you feel comfortable, reach out to the colleague and explain your concern. Explain that their actions are violating the intellectual freedom rights of your users per the Library Bill of Rights. Explain that their actions are potentially violating the collection development policy of your institution. Reach out to other colleagues, library management, and the Office for Intellectual Freedom for support and further resources.

18. Where can I find more information?

Questions about problematic authors can be directed to the Office of Intellectual Freedom by phone at (312) 280-4226 or by email at oif@ala.org.

Works Cited

Garnar, Martin and Magi, Trina (Eds.), , tenth edition (2021), Chicago: Editions.

Adopted January 7, 2022, by the Intellectual Freedom Committee.